Feng Zhaokui

DEEPENING exchanges between China and Japan have presented brighter prospects for cooperation between Asia’s two largest economies in the fields of energy conservation and environmental protection.

Ever since China adopted the reform and opening-up policy, it has attached utmost importance to environmental protection in the course of its economic growth.It has also actively cooperated with Japan and other developed countries to bring home advanced technologies and expertise related to environmental protection.

Japan kicked off cooperation with China on environment projects in the late 1980s as part of an official development assistance (ODA) program to its less-developed neighbor.

The two countries jointly funded the establishment of the Sino-Japanese center on environmental protection in 1996, which is now a research agency directly under the Ministry of Environmental Protection.

Supported by Japanese yen loans, Chongqing, Dalian and Guiyang launched a campaign in 1998 to develop themselves into model cities for Sino-Japanese environment cooperation. They have now shown remarkable progress in trimming air pollution levels.

Since 2001, loans aimed at helping China curb desertification, soil erosion, promoting afforestation programs and improving public health have formed about 70 percent of China-bound Japanese yen loans.

With Japanese aid, an environment information network has also been set up across 100 Chinese cities.Japan’s ODA to China consists of Japanese yen loans, gratis fund assistance and technological cooperation with the country.

The quantum of yen loans, however, started declining since 2002. The Japanese government announced in 2008 that it would stop all new yen loans to China.

Japan also cut off its gratis fund assistance, the other component of its ODA to China, at the end of 2006.

Currently, technological cooperation with China, which has been retained as part of the ODA, is playing a key role in pushing forward environmental cooperation between the two countries.

The Sino-Japanese center on environmental protection, jointly funded by the two nations, launched in 2008 a plan to promote the development of a cyclical economy.

As with bilateral relations, environmental cooperation between China and Japan has also encountered ups and downs over the years.

From 2001 to 2006, Sino-Japanese relations got stuck in the so-called “politically cold and economically hot” state.During this period, Tokyo drastically cut down its ODA to China, the main funding source for bilateral environmental cooperation.

As a result, bilateral cooperation on environmental issues also dipped considerably. This began to change once leaders of both nations reached agreement in October 2006 to establish strategic reciprocity.

Following the milestone deal, the foreign ministers of both sides signed a joint declaration to further strengthen bilateral environment cooperation during Premier Wen Jiabao’s visit to Japan in April 2007.

This was an important document that mapped out bilateral cooperation on environment after a 10-year hiatus. During Premier Wen’s visit, another joint declaration was also signed between the two countries on bilateral cooperation in the realm of energy.

This momentum was further consolidated when the then Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda paid a visit to China in December 2007, during which a joint communiqu was inked on pushing forward bilateral cooperation in the sphere of environment and energy, and a joint declaration issued on bilateral scientific and technological cooperation on climate change.

The signing of the two documents were concrete steps taken by the two neighbors towards implementing the accord they reached in April the same year.

In May 2008, leaders of the two countries once again signed a joint declaration on joint efforts to deal with climate change, in which the two countries put bilateral environment cooperation at the forefront in tackling the global environment crisis.

As a result of improved Sino-Japanese ties, the governments of China and Japan have paid increasing attention to bilateral cooperation on environment projects. However, the two countries should further deepen cooperation in this aspect as global climate change, as well as such regional environmental issues, loom large.

To more effectively tackle impending environmental threats, China and Japan should set up a joint environment foundation as some scholars have proposed, which will aid bilateral cooperation on environmental issues.—China Daily

Bilateral cooperation on environmental issues should also be extended to neighboring countries and regions, such as Mongolia and Central Asia, to enhance regional capability to deal with ever-worsening desertification, sandstorms and other pressing environmental concerns.

Given that Japan has accumulated rich experience and nurtured skilled professionals in environmental protection since the end of World War II, China should try to employ Japanese experts to work for some of its small and medium-size enterprises, local cities and rural areas that are hard hit by environmental pollution. This will help them learn professional skills.

In addition to bilateral cooperation and coordination in the international arena, China and Japan should also try to include bilateral environmental cooperation into efforts to tackle energy issues given that environmental deterioration is partly attributed to the use of traditional fossil fuels.

As neighbors, China and Japan have shared interests as far as the environment is concerned. Large-scale cooperation in this field is not only in their own people’s interests but also contributes to global efforts to deal with the problem of climate change. China Daily

Dr Brahma Chellaney

SUCCESS breeds confidence, and rapid success produces arrogance. That, in a nutshell, is the problem that both Asia and the West face in China, and which has been demonstrated once again at the G20 summit in Canada. Rising economic and military power is emboldening China’s government to pursue a more muscular foreign policy. Having earlier preached the gospel of its “peaceful rise,” China is now beginning to take the gEnsuring water purity

Lan Xinzhen

JOURNALISTS joined Danjiangkou Mayor Zeng Wenhua at Danjiangkou Reservoir in Hubei Province on May 27 for a special demonstration: Zeng would taste the basin’s water. After drawing a bucket of clear water, with no signs of impurities, Zeng ladled out a cup and drank it without hesitation.

“This is water from Danjiangkou Reservoir,” he said proudly, “and it can be drunk directly.”A skeptical journalist also scooped some water into a cup from the bucket and, after taking a sip of the water, said, “It’s sweet.”

But more than inviting members of the media to taste the water, the demonstration was meant to show the water’s quality, since Danjiangkou Reservoir will soon provide Beijing and Tianjin with the life-giving liquid through the channels of the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Water potability is a concern among people living along the project’s path.

Construction of Danjiangkou Reservoir on the Hanjiang River, a branch of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, started in 1958 and wrapped up in 1973. Covering an area of 84,000 hectares, it has a total storage capacity of 8.1 billion cubic meters. In its early years, the reservoir was used for power generation, shipping, aquiculture, flood control and irrigation.

Protection measures

To address water shortages in north China, the Central Government decided to launch the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, selecting Danjiangkou Reservoir as a water source for the middle route of the project. Since 2005, the government has increased the height of the reservoir’s dam—from 162 meters to 176.6 meters—in order to store more water for diversion to the north. With its water storage volume increased to 29 billion cubic meters, the reservoir has become the largest man-made lake in Asia.

In order to make the reservoir water clean, said Zeng, Danjiangkou City has carried out an ecological development strategy, focusing on the ecological construction of the forests in the locality.

In 2001, the local government initiated a program to turn the cultivated land around the reservoir into forestland. During the past decade, the city has afforested 180,000 hectares of land. The forest coverage rate around the reservoir has increased from 34.2 percent to 52.6 percent.

Now, lush forests are abundant around Danjiangkou Reservoir, as saplings planted a decade ago have already grown to full size.

With agriculture as the major industry around the reservoir and its nearby valley, pollution caused by agricultural production was a major target for prevention and control. Zeng said the local government offered money and technology to encourage farmers to develop pollution-free farm produce, and organized technical personnel to develop pollution-free tea, orange and aquatic products.

The local authorities launched hygiene campaigns in rural areas, relieving pollution caused by household wastes and lowering farmers’ reliance on forest resources.

Reducing industrial pollutants was another priority. In the past five years, the local government closed 47 heavy-polluting enterprises and carried out pollution-control schemes for 30 enterprises, inputting a total of 340 million yuan ($49.78 million) into environment protection.

To prevent domestic pollution to the reservoir area, two sewage works were built in 2009, and another two such projects are under construction.

Emphasis has also been placed on water and soil conservation. By the end of 2009, the city had completed water and soil conservation on 60,000 hectares of land. Upon observation, this Beijing Review reporter saw no large tracts of barren land around the reservoir.

“We strove to ensure water quality at Level A or B,” Zeng said. According to China’s standards on surface water, water with quality at Level A or B can be used for drinking after simple sterilization with chlorine.

From ginger to green

The region around Danjiangkou Reservoir is rich in ginger. Saponins extracted from ginger are used to produce hundreds of medicines, earning ginger the name “medicinal gold.” The highest price for saponins once reached 600,000 yuan ($87,848) per ton.

Five years ago, Zeng said, nearly 90 percent of the world’s saponins were supplied by China, while the planting and processing capacities around Danjiangkou Reservoir accounted for 36 percent and 44 percent of the country’s total.

In 2004, areas planted to ginger around the reservoir covered 33,000 hectares, with annual output of 400,000 tons. There were 100 ginger processing enterprises, and more than 1 million people were engaged in ginger production, processing and selling. Since most of the local farmers’ incomes derived from the ginger industry, the area was known as the “home to ginger.”

But due to backward production technologies, ginger processing used to cause serious pollution, as the pollutants caused by saponin production were 12 times that of papermaking. This led to severe pollution to Danjiangkou Reservoir and nearby rivers.

To alleviate pollution in the reservoir area, the local government decided to close all polluting saponin processing enterprises and reduce ginger growing area. So far, 63 processing enterprises that failed to meet emission standards have been closed and real-time monitoring is carried out on the other ginger processing enterprises. In addition, various measures have been adopted to promote research and development of new technologies for ginger production and processing.

Other polluting enterprises around the reservoir, such as cement works and timber mills, have also been closed.

While closing polluting enterprises, Danjiangkou has pooled efforts to create “a green city of water” by utilizing its water resource advantages.

The endeavor aims to make Danjiangkou Reservoir an ecological water source in five to 10 years and drive the local economic development by taking advantage of the city’s location on the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Clean industries will be the leading factor and green agriculture will provide a solid foundation for these efforts.

To boost its development in line with the green-city scheme, Danjiangkou introduced the Nongfu Spring Co. Ltd., a famous beverage company of China, to the city. In 2003, Nongfu Spring Co. Ltd. invested 320 million yuan ($46.85 million) to set up factory buildings in Danjiangkou for the production of 19 series of products, such as pure water and fruit juice, with all water needed coming from Danjiangkou Reservoir.

On March 31, 2010, the second phase of the Nongfu Spring project in Danjiangkou was put into operation, with a total investment of 250 million yuan ($36.6 million). To date, Nongfu Spring products from the Danjiangkou production base are sold to most parts of China.

Danjiangkou welcomes more beverage companies to invest in the city. “Water from ‘the green city of water’ is an invisible brand to the beverage companies themselves,” Zeng said.—(The Daily Mail-Beijing Review Articles Exchange Item)